Test–Retest Reliability of Heart Rate and Parasympathetic Modulation Indices Across Exercise and Recovery Phases in Athletes


Ulupınar S., Özbay S., Gençoğlu C., İNCE İ., Çabuk S., Bakar Ö., ...More

Sensors, vol.26, no.8, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus) identifier identifier identifier

  • Publication Type: Article / Article
  • Volume: 26 Issue: 8
  • Publication Date: 2026
  • Doi Number: 10.3390/s26082448
  • Journal Name: Sensors
  • Journal Indexes: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Compendex, INSPEC, MEDLINE, Directory of Open Access Journals
  • Keywords: autonomic nervous system, exercise recovery, heart rate variability, parasympathetic modulation, RMSSD, soccer players, test–retest reliability, wearable sensors
  • Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa Affiliated: Yes

Abstract

This study examined the within-session (same-day) test–retest reliability of heart rate (HR) and parasympathetic modulation, assessed using the root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), across exercise and recovery phases in trained soccer players. Twenty-seven male soccer players (age: 24.9 ± 3.7 years) completed a standardized soccer training session. HR and RMSSD were recorded using an ECG-based chest-strap monitor at rest, pre-exercise, and at ~10–20 min, 1 h, and 3 h post-exercise. At each time point, two consecutive 5 min seated recordings were obtained under identical conditions. Test–retest reliability was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC(3,1)), standard error of measurement (SEM), coefficient of variation (CV%), minimal detectable change (MDC95), paired-samples t-tests, and Hedges’ g effect sizes. HR demonstrated excellent reliability across all time points (ICC = 0.980–0.994; SEM = 0.87–1.25 bpm; CV% = 1.33–3.70%). RMSSD showed excellent reliability at rest (ICC = 0.944) and pre-exercise (ICC = 0.918), moderate reliability during early recovery (~10–20 min; ICC = 0.551), and good reliability at 1 h (ICC = 0.826) and 3 h post-exercise (ICC = 0.873). No significant systematic differences were observed between test and retest measurements (all p > 0.05), and effect sizes were trivial. These findings indicate that within-session reliability of HR remains consistently high across exercise and recovery phases, whereas RMSSD reliability varies according to measurement timing, particularly during early recovery.