Current Developments and Future Trends in Turkish Hate Speech Detection: A Systematic Review
Applied Sciences (Switzerland), cilt.16, sa.19, 2026 (SCI-Expanded, Scopus)
- Yayın Türü: Makale / Derleme
- Cilt numarası: 16 Sayı: 19
- Basım Tarihi: 2026
- Doi Numarası: 10.3390/app16199899
- Dergi Adı: Applied Sciences (Switzerland)
- Derginin Tarandığı İndeksler: Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED), Scopus, Applied Science & Technology Source, Compendex, INSPEC, Directory of Open Access Journals
- Anahtar Kelimeler: deep learning, machine learning, natural language processing, Transformer-based models, Turkish hate speech detection, Turkish offensive language
- İstanbul Üniversitesi-Cerrahpaşa Adresli: Evet
Özet
Although Turkish is a linguistically distinct, low-resource language, its popularity on social media makes it important to the HSD literature. This review demonstrates which TML, DL and emerging Transformer-based models are used in THSD research and for which reason. It systematically analyses the datasets used in these studies. Furthermore, identifies emerging directions, including the integration of XAI frameworks, multi-modal (text, image, audio, video, etc.) constraints and synthetic data creation. A PRISMA-guided search was conducted in Scopus, IEEE Xplore, Wiley, Science Direct and Springer databases for publications dated from 1 January 2022 to 31 August 2026. Of the 56 reports assessed in full text, 41 studies were included. Dataset characteristics, preprocessing methods, labeling schemes and evaluation protocols were reported narratively. Class imbalance was identified in commonly used datasets. Homophobic comments account for 1226 of the 31,290 HATC examples (3.9%); the OffensEval-2020 Turkish dataset contains only 6848 offensive data points out of 35,284 samples. Different data allocations were detected for the same datasets. The Augmented Offensive Language Dataset (53,005 samples) corpus reported here has different train/validation/test allocations: 31,803/10,601/10,601 and 42,398/1756/8851. Differences in labels, preprocessing, corpus versions and evaluation protocols preclude a reliable overall ranking of the reported models. This review presents current approaches and their limitations. It also gives a roadmap for next-generation solutions related to the Turkish language.